Nejime Shōichi

Nejime Shōichi (ねじめ 正一, 祢寝 正一^?, born June 16, 1948) is a Japanese poet and novelist^[1] born on June 16, 1948.^[2] He dropped out of Aoyama Gakuin University while he was majoring in economics.

Minguo calendar

The Republic of China calendar (traditional Chinese: 民國紀元; simplified Chinese: 民国纪元; pinyin: Mínguó jìyuán; Wade–Giles: Min-kuo Chi-yüan) is the method of numbering years currently used in the Republic of China (ROC) (Taiwan, Kinmen, and Matsu). It was used in mainland China from 1912 until the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949.

Following the Chinese imperial tradition of using the sovereign's era name and year of reign, official ROC documents use the Republic (traditional Chinese: 民國; simplified Chinese: 民国; pinyin: Mínguó; Wade–Giles: Min-kuo; literally "The Country of the People") system of numbering years in which the first year was 1912, the year of the founding of the Republic of China. For example, 2013 is the "102nd year of the Republic". Months and days are numbered according to the Gregorian calendar.

To find out the ROC year equivalent to any Gregorian calendar (AD) year, subtract 1911 from the Gregorian year. For example: 2013 - 1911 = 102nd year of the Republic.

Fyodor Dostoyevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky^[a] (Russian: Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, IPA: [ˈfʲodər mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪt͡ɕ dəstɐˈjefskʲɪj] ( listen); 11 November 1821 – 9 February 1881^[b]), sometimes transliterated Dostoevsky, was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist and philosopher. Dostoyevsky's literary works explore human psychology in the context of the troubled political, social, and spiritual atmosphere of 19th-century Russia. He began writing in his 20s, and his first novel, Poor Folk, was published in 1846 when he was 25. His major works include Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1869), and The Brothers Karamazov (1880). His output consists of eleven novels, three novellas, seventeen short novels and numerous other works. Many literary critics rate him as one of the greatest and most prominent psychologists in world literature.^[1]

Born in Moscow in 1821, Dostoyevsky was introduced to literature at an early age through fairy tales and legends, and through books by Russian and foreign authors. His mother died in 1837, when he was 15, and around the same time he left school to enter the Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute. After graduating, he worked as an engineer and briefly enjoyed a lavish lifestyle, translating books to earn extra money. In the mid-1840s he wrote his first novel, Poor Folk, which gained him entry into St. Petersburg's literary circles.

In 1849 he was arrested for his involvement in the Petrashevsky Circle, a secret society of liberal utopians that also functioned as a literary discussion group.^[2] He and other members were condemned to death, but at the last moment, a note fromTsar Nicholas I was delivered to the scene of the firing squad, commuting the sentence to four years' hard labour in Siberia. His seizures, which may have started in 1839, increased in frequency there, and he was diagnosed with epilepsy. On his release, he was forced to serve as a soldier, before being discharged on grounds of ill health.

In the following years, Dostoyevsky worked as a journalist, publishing and editing several magazines of his own and, later, A Writer's Diary, a collection of his writings. He began to travel around western Europe and developed a gambling addiction, which led to financial hardship. For a time, he had to beg for money, but he eventually became one of the most widely read and highly regarded Russian writers. His books have been translated into more than 170 languages and have sold around 15 million copies. Dostoyevsky influenced a multitude of writers, from Anton Chekhov and James Joyce to Ernest Hemingway and Jean-Paul Sartre.

Ethiopian calendar

The Ethiopian calendar (Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ ዘመን አቆጣጠር yä'Ityoṗṗya zämän aḳoṭaṭär), also called the Ge'ez calendar, is the principal calendar used in Ethiopia and also serves as the liturgical calendar for Christians in Eritrea and Ethiopiabelonging to the Orthodox Tewahedo churches, Eastern Catholic Church and Lutheran Orthodox Church. It is a sidereal calendar based on the older Alexandrian or Coptic calendar, which in turn derives from the Egyptian calendar, but like theJulian calendar, it adds a leap day every four years without exception, and begins the year on August 29 or August 30 in the Julian calendar. A seven- to eight-year gap between the Ethiopian and Gregorian calendars results from an alternate calculation in determining the date of the Annunciation of Jesus.

Like the Coptic calendar, the Ethiopic or Ge'ez calendar has twelve months of exactly 30 days each plus five or six epagomenal days, which comprise a thirteenth month. The Ethiopian months begin on the same days as those of the Coptic calendar, but their names are in Ge'ez. The sixth epagomenal day is added every four years without exception on August 29 of the Julian calendar, six months before the Julian leap day. Thus the first day of the Ethiopian year, 1 Mäskäräm, for years between 1901 and 2099 (inclusive), is usually September 11 (Gregorian). It, however, falls on September 12 in years before the Gregorian leap year.

The current year according to the Ethiopian calendar is 2005, which began on September 11, 2012 AD of the Gregorian calendar.

Estonia emancipates its peasants from serfdom.

January–March[edit source | editbeta]

• January 6 – Tsar Alexander I of Russia signs an order for the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Russian Empire.
• January 7 – Sir Humphry Davy tests the Davy lamp for miners at Hebburn Colliery.
• January 17 – Fire nearly destroys the city of St. John's, Newfoundland.
• February 8 – Estonia emancipates its peasants from serfdom.
• February 10 – Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, dies and is succeeded by Friedrich Wilhelm, his son and founder of the House of Glücksburg.
• February 20 – Gioachino Rossini's opera buffa The Barber of Seville premières at the Teatro Argentina in Rome.

April–June[edit source | editbeta]

• April 10 – The Second Bank of the United States obtains its charter.
• April 11 – In Philadelphia, the African Methodist Episcopal Church is established by Richard Allen and other African-American Methodists, the first such denomination completely independent of White churches.
• May 2 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later King of the Belgians) marries Charlotte Augusta, but she dies the next year.
• June 19 – Battle of Seven Oaks: The Hudson's Bay Company is defeated by the North West Company, near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

July–September[edit source | editbeta]

• July – Lord Byron, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Polidori, gathered at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva in a rainy Switzerland, tell each other tales. This gives rise to two classic Gothic narratives,Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Polidori's The Vampyre.
• July 9 – Argentina declares independence from Spain.
• July 17 – The French passenger ship Medusa runs aground off the coast of Senegal, with 140 lives lost in the botched rescue that takes weeks, leading to a scandal in the French government.
• August 14 – The United Kingdom formally annexes the Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the southern Atlantic Ocean, ruling it from the Cape Colony.
• August 24 – The Treaty of St. Louis is signed in St. Louis, Missouri.
• August 27 – Bombardment of Algiers: Various European Allies ships force the Dey of Algiers to free Christian slaves.

October–December[edit source | editbeta]

• October 21 – Penang Free School was founded by Rev. Sparke Hutchings on the island of Penang, Malaysia.
• November 6 – James Monroe defeats Rufus King in the U.S. presidential election.
• December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state.
• December 12 – Merger of the thrones of Sicily and Naples into the throne of the Two Sicilies under Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.
• December 21 – American Colonization Society established.

Date unknown[edit source | editbeta]

• Banjul, capital of the Gambia, is founded as a trading post, and named Bathurst.
• René Laennec invents the stethoscope.
• E. Remington and Sons (the famous firearm and later typewriter manufacturing company) is founded.
• Robert Stirling patents his Stirling engine, then known as Stirling's air engine.
• A rail capable of supporting a heavy locomotive is developed.

Births[edit source | editbeta]

January–June[edit source | editbeta]

• January 30 – Nathaniel P. Banks, American politician and general (d. 1894)
• March 14 – William Marsh Rice, American university founder (d. 1900)
• March 29 – Tsultrim Gyatso, 10th Dalai Lama (d. 1837)
• April 21 – Charlotte Brontë, British novelist (d. 1855)
• April 22 – Charles Denis Bourbaki, French general (d. 1897)
• April 25 – Eliza Daniel Stewart, American temperance movement leader (d. 1908)
• May 24 – Emanuel Leutze, American painter (d. 1868)
• June 19 – William Henry Webb, American industrialist and philanthropist (d. 1899)
• June 30 – Richard Lindon, Inventor of the Rugby Ball (d. 1887)

July–December[edit source | editbeta]

• July 4 – Arthur de Gobineau, French diplomat and author (d. 1882)
• July 23 – Charlotte Cushman, American stage actress (d. 1876)
• July 31 – George Henry Thomas, American general (d. 1870)
• August 4 – William Julian Albert, U.S. Congressman (d. 1879)
• August 16 – Charles John Vaughan, English scholar (d. 1897)
• November 3 – Jubal Early, Confederate general (d. 1894)
• November 17 – August Wilhelm Ambros, Austrian composer (d. 1876)
• December 13 – Werner von Siemens, German inventor and industrialist (d. 1892)

Date unknown[edit source | editbeta]

• Félix Charles Douay, French General (d. 1879)
• Francis Dutton, Premier of South Australia (d. 1877)